From Harm to Health Equity: Advancing Policy Action Against Conversion Therapy in India

Abstract

Background: Conversion therapy is a pseudoscientific and unethical practice aimed at altering an individual’s sexual orientation or gender identity. Despite the National Medical Commission’s (NMC) 2021 ban on medical professionals performing it, the practice persists in India through religious leaders, unlicensed practitioners and family members, continuing to inflict significant psychological and physical harm. Aims & Objectives: This article examines the public health consequences of conversion therapy in India, evaluates its divergence from global health standards and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and proposes a holistic national response to safeguard LGBTQIA+ rights and wellbeing. Methodology: We conducted a narrative review of peer-reviewed literature, legal documents, policy papers and guidelines from WHO, UN agencies and the Government of India. The review focused on ethical, health and human rights perspectives alongside existing policy gaps. Results: Conversion therapy perpetuates stigma, worsens mental health outcomes and undermines India’s commitments to SDG 3 (health), SDG 5 (gender equality) and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). Current regulatory efforts remain fragmented, excludes religious leaders, unlicensed practitioners and family-led coercion. Conclusion: A comprehensive national policy is urgently needed. Strengthening legal protections, inclusive education and public health interventions is essential to dismantle conversion therapy and protect LGBTQIA+ individuals in India.